Repeated respiratory viral infections in children.

Respiratory virus is a common cause of acute respiratory tract infection, especially in infant that accounts for 80%.However, reinfections usually occur after primary infection, which is not only infected by the different virus strains, but also the identical virus strains.Reinfections are common in children.As the pandemic of the 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV), its reinfections are similar to other respiratory viruses.Repeated respiratory viral infections in infants may lead to recurrent wheezing and asthma, which are also responsible for declined lung function and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in adults.This study aims to review the epidemiology, pathogenesis and long-term effects of repeated respiratory viral infections in children, thus improving the ability to identify and support further research and vaccine strategy.Copyright © 2021 Chinese Medical Journals Publishing House Co.Ltd. All rights reserved.

Understanding the SARS-CoV-2 Virus Neutralizing Antibody Response: Lessons to Be Learned from HIV and Respiratory Syncytial Virus.

The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic commenced in 2019 and is still ongoing. Neither infection nor vaccination give long-lasting immunity and, here, in an attempt to understand why this might be, we have compared the neutralizing antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2 with those specific for human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV). Currently, most of the antibodies specific for the SARS-CoV-2 S protein map to three broad antigenic sites, all at the distal end of the S trimer (receptor-binding site (RBD), sub-RBD and N-terminal domain), whereas the structurally similar HIV-1 and the RSV F envelope proteins have six antigenic sites. Thus, there may be several antigenic sites on the S trimer that have not yet been identified. The epitope mapping, quantitation and longevity of the SARS-CoV-2 S-protein-specific antibodies produced in response to infection and those elicited by vaccination are now being reported for specific groups of individuals, but much remains to be determined about these aspects of the host-virus interaction. Finally, there is a concern that the SARS-CoV-2 field may be reprising the HIV-1 experience, which, for many years, used a virus for neutralization studies that did not reflect the neutralizability of wild-type HIV-1. For example, the widely used VSV-SARS-CoV-2-S protein pseudotype has 10-fold more S trimers per virion and a different configuration of the trimers compared with the SARS-CoV-2 wild-type virus. Clarity in these areas would help in advancing understanding and aid countermeasures of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic.

Repeated respiratory viral infections in children

Respiratory virus is a common cause of acute respiratory tract infection, especially in infant that accounts for 80%.However, reinfections usually occur after primary infection, which is not only infected by the different virus strains, but also the identical virus strains.Reinfections are common in children.As the pandemic of the 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV), its reinfections are similar to other respiratory viruses.Repeated respiratory viral infections in infants may lead to recurrent wheezing and asthma, which are also responsible for declined lung function and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in adults.This study aims to review the epidemiology, pathogenesis and long-term effects of repeated respiratory viral infections in children, thus improving the ability to identify and support further research and vaccine strategy. © 2021 Chinese Medical Journals Publishing House Co.Ltd. All rights reserved.